It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. Apple fruit sweetness is given by the sugar content (Aprea et al., 2017), and it is considered that weather conditions, culture technology, position, and exposition of the fruits in the crown influences this content (Campeanu et al., 2009).Apple fruits present high sugar content, which varies from 9.53 to 12.3% (Campeanu et al., 2009), 7.41 . The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive Another study examining oxidation in humans involved providing 150 mL of apple juice, prepared from homogenized apple flesh, to 10 healthy young male participants in Japan and testing their blood at periodic intervals using a fluorescent probe (2,7-dichlorofluorescin) as an indicator of ROS formation and oxidative stress (37). Validated FFQ including 208 food items and photographic prompts were used to determine dietary intake and categorize food into quartiles. Apples were identified as the only flavonoid-rich food that might be protective. These are described in the following section in the context of cardiovascular disease, although it is recognized that antioxidant effects are likely important in chemoprevention as well. In a recent study using Caco-2 cells, it was found that an apple juice extract devoid of carbohydrates, acids, and other native compounds attenuated experimentally induced expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and inhibited catalytic activity of the enzyme. The variability might be attributed in part to the many types of apples and apple components studied in addition to varied reaction conditions, including pH, concentration, types of ROS, and other study conditions. The effect was mediated by apple phenolics but particularly chlorogenic acid and (+)-catechin (5 mol/L). HT29 cells, as well as a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 were the models in a study of the effects of extracts of 10 fruits, including apple peel (Malus domestica) (21). More than 1400 adult participants in a case-control study of dietary antioxidants and asthma in the UK completed FFQ for assessment of daily intake of 3 major classes of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavones, and catechins. The composition of cider as determined by dominant fermentation with pure yeasts : Alwood, William Bradford, 1859-1946 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive The chemical composition of apples and cider. Further examination demonstrated that apple juice intake reduced a compensatory increase in the endogenous antioxidant glutathione, suggesting that the antioxidant activity of apple juice accounts in part for the observed protective effects in animals subject to dietary and genetic oxidative stress and a potential neuroprotective effect of AP under these conditions (59). Example 3.4. One study published by a different group in 2006 did not find an association between fruit intake (reported in a semiquantitative FFQ) and several endpoints related to diagnosed asthma in Dutch children (57). An updated analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition was published in 2007 (15). (27) treated rats with a carcinogenic agent (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) to induce mammary tumors and then fed extracts of whole apples by gavage to the animals. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. These studies are among the few that highlight the importance of metabolized AP and emphasize the need to determine the biological activity of metabolites of phytochemicals in vivo. Hyson, no conflicts of interest. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried) and apple juice. Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). The data are presented in the context of colon cancer, followed by breast cancer and general studies. The authors concluded that these compounds could be partially responsible for the anticancer activities associated with AP. Isolated fractions of the major phenolics in the juice (phloretin and quercetin and their 2 glucoside forms, phlorizin and rutin, respectively) were shown to account in part for the inhibitory effects. The authors provided a detailed analysis of the association between compound structure and related antioxidant potential using TBARS, autooxidation of methyl linoleate, and scavenging of radicals including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, H2O2, and NO. A recent study in hamsters evaluated the effects of adding daily apples and apple juice (pressed from fresh apples) to an atherogenic diet on lipids, oxidative markers, and early aortic lesions (47). The goal of the follow-up study was to determine if flavonoid content of apples accounted for the observed improvement in outcomes related to asthma. The effects of AP on specific enzymes involved in colon carcinogenesis have been examined. This group developed a standardized mouse model of neurodegeneration in which aged mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance and increased oxidative parameters in brain tissue when subjected to a prooxidant diet (deficient in vitamin E and folate; high in iron). The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). Chemical analysis of apple juice showed that the levels of organic acids, sugars and soluble pectin differed between cultivars. (11) in Germany used apple extracts fermented in vitro with human fecal flora to examine effects of the fermentation products on cultured HT29 and LT97 cells (the latter, a colon adenoma cell line representing early premalignant tumor development). Individual compounds isolated from the apple extracts were not effective in altering any of the markers in this study, suggesting that the composite mixtures of components in the extracts were more important in mediating the observed effects than individual compounds, likely due to interaction/synergy between the different components. Shea et al. One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. - Quora Answer (1 of 3): alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin Something went wrong. Other enzymes related to cancer etiology are also favorably affected by AP (24). Every triterpenoid significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation; some were highly potent and reduced cell growth by 50% at relatively low concentrations (~1017 mol/L). In another study, the same investigators used 2 breast cancer cell lines, including the MCF-7 cells as an estrogen-responsive model and MDA-MB-231 as an estrogen-negative model (30). Others have worked to characterize the effects of individual compounds known to be present in AP. In reality, all of these chemicals are either cellulose (the most common chemical in plants) or various breakdown products of cellulose: E460 - Cellulose E461 - Methyl cellulose E462 - Ethyl. Blanching of apple puree, on the other hand, increased apple juice turbidity by increasing the amount of . A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 30%. The physical and chemical characteristics determined were, fruit length and diameter, single fruit weight, juice percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Further investigation of the in vivo effects of AP as well as other sources of antioxidants relative to antioxidant status is relevant and warranted. It has also been proposed that dihydrochalcones, particularly phloretin-2-0-glucoside present in relatively high amounts in AP, inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the intestinal lumen, therefore potentially reducing postprandial glucose response (68, 69). Apple intake of >31.2 g/d (i.e. CardboardChampion 3 yr. ago. (44) suggested that their use of total oxidant scavenging activity would be an effective test against 3 physiologically relevant ROS in realistic conditions. Dietary antioxidants are of interest, because they add to the endogenous potential of the body to scavenge ROS and nitrogen-free radicals and directly counteract lipid peroxidation reactions. Ogino et al. The longer exposure time suggests that apple extracts target signaling elements upstream of PKC and not PKC specifically. In this study, we propose a novel method that utilizes hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to non-destructively monitor ApMV-infected apple leaves and predict LCC as a quantitative indicator of disease . The characteristics that distinguish one substance from another are called properties. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. In a large ongoing trial, the Women's Health Study, semiquantitative FFQ were analyzed to determine if dietary flavonoid intake was associated with risk of diabetes and related markers of insulin resistance and inflammation (67). Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Other reports have indicated that apple intake is associated with reduced risk of asthma and related symptoms. Barth et al. Checkmate, atheists. The authors of this study also searched for an association between total flavonol and flavone intake and a limited number of subtypes of these flavonoids (5 total) and reduced risk. An indirect outcome of inflammation (splenomegaly) was also reduced in the groups taking the phloridzin. These data support prior observations that complete mixtures of phytochemicals in AP are more effective than individual components tested alone. There was a concurrent and dose-dependent increase in expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein and downward expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein. pandamonium. A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. Hydrofluoric acid, 40%. Several recent intervention studies have examined the effect of fresh apple consumption on oxidative markers in humans. Add a Comment. Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Recent work in humans has moved toward a greater emphasis on examining mechanisms and biomarkers related to cardiovascular risk, in particular, oxidation and lipid metabolism. The purpose of the present review is to provide an updated summary and analysis of recent findings related to AP and associated compounds with a particular focus on their potential role(s) in disease risk and general human health. The fermentation products of the apple juice extract in combination with pectin included acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the latter of which was most significantly correlated with histone deacylation inhibition. These findings were consistent with prior data showing reduced coronary mortality in elderly Dutch men (6584 y) who consumed apples (average 69 g/d) compared to men who had little or no apple intake (35). A comparison of the lowest quintile of intake (average 43 g/d) compared to the highest 2 quintiles (93.5 and 164.9 g/d, respectively) showed a significant inverse association between combined apple and pear intake and lung cancer in all participants and current smokers. Hydrogen sulphide saturated. Thirteen pure compounds were identified as triterpenoids and tested for antiproliferative activity against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), as well as human breast cancer and colon cancer cells (MCF-7 and Caco-2, respectively). It was found that the accumulation of esterified cholesterol decreased and the secretion of apo-B (B-48 and B-100) containing lipoproteins was reduced. A 2016 analysis from the PDP found that 80% of 531 apple samples contained residues of this chemical at 0.002-3.8 ppm, which is below the EPA's tolerance level of 10 ppm. There were also differential outcomes between cell lines in terms of the inhibitory effect of the anthocyanidin-rich fraction, with significant inhibition in the HT29 cells by apple anthocyanidins (compared to an actual increase in proliferation in response to this fraction in MCF-7 cells). However, there are convincing data suggesting an association between AP and reduced risk of major diseases and indicating multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP might be protective in humans. Nutrient Composition of Hawthorn. The results showed that apple juice was a fairly effective antioxidant compared to other juices against some ROS (peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals) but less effective against peroxynitrite. The processes associated with aging and amplified in neurodegenerative diseases of aging are complex and not completely understood. Individual phytochemicals, including rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid, were all effective, with some reconstituted mixtures being more effective than the original, in terms of antioxidant capacity and reducing DNA damage (43). Although this was a small study, the moderate amount of apple juice and the prolonged antioxidant effect are positive indicators of AP potential to mitigate oxidation. Elevated lipids and aberrations in lipid metabolism are well-established risk factors for many types of cardiovascular disease. Recent data support these findings, particularly those related to asthma. Review of 93 intervention studies. Polyamines, as regulators of cell function, have important potential in cancer by either promoting cell proliferation or cell death depending on the cell type. Adapted with permission from (4). The thirteen investigations reported in Table 1 dealt with various topics such as the characterization of different apple cultivars in terms of chemical/phytochemical composition, nutritional values and sensory description [12,13,14,15,16] and . The authors concluded that the high procyanidin content and metabolites in the apple extract might directly interfere with cholesterol absorption in addition to modulating lipids and lipid-related processes. The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. James Kennedy. In follow-up studies, the same authors examined the effect of isolated fractions on the above markers and concluded that the juice fraction itself was more effective than individual components of juice, including polyphenolic-rich extracts (18). The incidence of diabetes, chiefly type 2 diabetes, has increased dramatically and is the subject of intensive study around the world. There is also inconsistency in the correlation between in vitro outcomes and in vivo antioxidant activity mediated by AP. Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. It has been suggested that the aglycone form of flavonoids (i.e. Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). However, the authors suggest that more work remains to fully understand the effects of hydrolysis on antioxidant capacity in AP. Many investigations have assessed the potential antioxidant effects of AP. (42). (5965) have provided novel data on the potential of apple juice concentrate to modulate processes associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease. An estimated 10 million Americans over age 50 y have osteoporosis and another 34 million are at risk (71). If it's edible then it's chemicals. freshly squeezed orange juice. A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective, COP27 Climate Change Conference: Urgent Action Needed for Africa and the World: : Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change, Flavan-3-ols and Cardiometabolic Health: First Ever Dietary Bioactive Guideline, Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota, High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Gastrointestinal protection from drug injury, http://www.yvgsa.com/pdf/facts/USApple2010ProductionAnalysis.pdf, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, A Review and Critical Analysis of the Scientific Literature Related to 100% Fruit Juice and Human Health, Perspective: The Paradox in Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products ResearchThe Source of the Serum and Urinary Advanced Glycation End Products Is the Intestines, Not the Food, Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet, The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. A similar pattern of beneficial association was present when the groups were stratified by age, energy intake, vegetable consumption, smoking, and BMI. Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. Oxidant stress also activates inflammatory mediators that induce asthma in experimental models and appears to be important in the etiology of asthma in humans (51). They observed an increase in FRAP and a correlated increase in plasma urate levels, leading them to speculate that fructose-mediated urate production might account for their observations. Treating the cells with apple juice extract increased the expression of several genes, including phase 2 enzymes associated with chemoprevention (sulfotransferases and glutathione S-transferases). A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. Carotenoid extracts from apple peel were effective against H. pylori in an in vitro medium (76). Only 12.7% of the ingested compounds in cloudy apple juice reached the end of the intestine in unmetabolized form, whereas 22.3% were recovered as metabolites. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. The product can be eaten without fear of pesticides and other harmful impurities. Fresh apple intake (26/wk) tended to be protective but was not significant for a dose-response relationship. Many investigators have taken great care to control for confounding variables known to affect lung health, but it is likely that unknown dietary and lifestyle factors have important effects. The widespread and growing intake of apples and apple juice/products and their rich phytochemical profile suggest their important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. Apple also decreased the presence of ROS generated by hydrogen peroxide exposure in lymphocytes isolated from each participant at 3 and 6 h after the apple test meal. Anywhoo . Data were based on FFQ (including interviews) of dietary intake in the 2 y prior to diagnosis. Mechanistically, it is feasible that catechins or other polyphenolic components in AP may be inversely related to the risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly by preserving pancreatic -cell function via reduced oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. If these findings are applicable to the in vivo situation, altered intestinal lipid secretion might account for the lipid-lowering effect of AP observed in some studies and suggest one possible mechanism for reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The findings of these investigators and many others suggest that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in terms of a protective effect of AP on cancer. It is becoming apparent that native polyphenolic compounds are most commonly tested but due to extensive metabolic modification, the ingested compounds may be negligible or even absent in tissues under physiologic conditions. As such, there is considerable interest in foods and dietary patterns that might be cardioprotective. The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. The highest quartile of intake was > 47 g of apple/d, which approximates one-third of a medium-sized apple. Women in the highest quartile of apple intake compared to the lowest quartile had a significantly lower incidence of asthma. There was a significant reduction of preneoplastic lesions in the animals exposed to the apple phytochemicals, including 50% fewer aberrant crypts. The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. Previous studies on Monkey apple have reported the composition of an ethereal extract of the fruit stones [5]. (31). Pre- and poststudy values were compared to assess antioxidant activity in the participants' erythrocytes and plasma. Metals, sugars, organic . In a separate study, Shaheen et al. The observations that AP intake might be associated with reduced risk of cancer have led to an expanded field of animal and in vitro work with cell models that mimic phases in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer.
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