Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. Alcaldas mayores were larger districts with a royal appointee, the Alcalde mayor. . Religion played an important role in the Spanish conquest and incorporation of indigenous peoples, bringing them into the Catholic Church peacefully or by force. [35][36], Argentina was not conquered or later exploited in the grand fashion of central Mexico or Peru, since the indigenous population was sparse and there were no precious metals or other valuable resources. The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. The first mainland explorations by Spaniards were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. There are many such works for Mexico, often drawing on native-language documentation in Nahuatl,[93][94] Mixtec,[95] and Yucatec Maya. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paran River from Asuncin, now the capital of Paraguay. [104] With the 1508 papal grant to the crown of the Patronato real, the crown, rather than the pope, exercised absolute power over the Catholic Church in the Americas and the Philippines, a privilege the crown zealously guarded against erosion or incursion. The monarch was head of the civil and religious hierarchies. Miller, Gary. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. [92] Indigenous noblemen were particularly important in the early period of colonization, since the economy of the encomienda was initially built on the extraction of tribute and labor from the commoners in their communities. [29][31] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. [63] Ecclesiastics also functioned as administrators overseas in the early Caribbean period, particularly Frey Nicols de Ovando, who was sent to investigate the administration of Francisco de Bobadilla, the governor appointed to succeed Christopher Columbus. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. From decades of research, he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. "[110], Their main function was judicial, as a court of justice of second instance court of appeal in penal and civil matters, but also the Audiencias were courts the first instance in the city where it had its headquarters, and also in the cases involving the Royal Treasury. Powers, Stephen. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. [70], After the end of the period of conquests, it was necessary to manage extensive and different territories with a strong bureaucracy. Pope Alexander VI in a 4 May 1493 papal decree, Inter caetera, divided rights to lands in the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal on the proviso that they spread Christianity. So did the Caste System decide who got certain rights and places of power or was it merely a way of categorizing the people? Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. A labor system in which the Spanish crown authorized Spaniards, known as encomenderos, to enslave native people to farm and mine in the Americas. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. The Mixtecs of colonial Oaxaca: udzahui history, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. [132] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. [38], Much of what is now the Southern United States was claimed by Spain, some of it at least explored by the Spanish starting in the early 1500s, and some permanent settlements established. The Proclamation Line of 1763 was drawn by the British along the Appalachian Mountains. How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project? [84][85][86][87][88], The exploitation and demographic catastrophe that indigenous peoples experienced from Spanish rule in the Caribbean also occurred 5, p. 453. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. In August 1521, Corts claimed Tenochtitln for Spain and renamed it, Corts was also aided by a Nahua woman called. Far more famous now is Lope de Aguirre, who led a mutiny against Ursa, who was murdered. [131] Religious orders along with the Jesuits then embarked on further evangelization in frontier regions of the empire. The Habsburg dynastywho ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spainencouraged and financed a blossoming Spanish Renaissance culture, both, One of this periods most famous works is the novel. [83] These elites played an intermediary role between the Spanish rulers and indigenous commoners. Where getting that wealth required human labor, they enslaved the local people. 30 seconds. The labor of dense populations of Tainos were allocated as grants to Spanish settlers in an institution known as the encomienda, where particular indigenous settlements were awarded to individual Spaniards. [29], Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. Warren, J. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. Spaniards and Indigenous parents produced Mestizo offspring, who were also part of the Repblica de Espaoles. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. In colonial Mexico, there are petitions to the king about a variety of issues important to particular indigenous communities when the noblemen did not get a favorable response from the local friar or priest or local royal officials. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. In the following years, Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization. Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. In areas of sparse population, ranching of cattle (ganado mayor) and smaller livestock (ganado menor) such as sheep and goats ranged widely and were largely feral. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . The crown was open to limiting the inheritance of encomiendas in perpetuity as a way to extinguish the coalescence of a group of Spaniards impinging on royal power. The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux., Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America, This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 16:57. - St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America. The establishment of large, permanent Spanish settlements attracted a whole range of new residents, who set up shop as carpenters, bakers, tailors and other artisan activities. They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. The crown aimed to prevent the formation of an aristocracy in the Indies not under crown control. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. [111] This direct correspondence of the Audiencia with the Council of the Indies made it possible for the council to give the Audiencia direction on general aspects of government.[108]. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. Q. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Hoping to salvage Portugals holdings, King Joo II negotiated a treaty with Spain. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doa, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. 37 Questions Show answers. There was quite a bit of gold coming in. Cuba and Puerto Rico were lost to the United States in 1898, following the SpanishAmerican War, ending its colonial rule in the Americas. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver and imagined converting thousands . With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. the great depression caused the stock market crash of 1929. the stock market crash of . The. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. "[126] On the frontier of empire, Indians were seen as sin razn, ("without reason"); non-Indian populations were described as gente de razn ("people of reason"), who could be mixed-race castas or black and had greater social mobility in frontier regions. [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. In the Indies, corregimiento initially functioned to bring control over Spanish settlers who exploited the indigenous populations held in encomienda, in order to protect the shrinking indigenous populations and prevent the formation of an aristocracy of conquerors and powerful settlers. [121] However, both charges were also put up for sale freely since the late 16th century. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the locations where slaves were most frequently sent after being transported to the New World on the Middle Passage., Identify the issue that was not a point of contention between colonial assemblies and their respective royal governors., On the table below, click or tap to identify the first colony to have a black . [81] In Mexico, Don Martn Corts, the son and legal heir of conqueror Hernn Corts, and other heirs of encomiendas led a failed revolt against the crown. [130] Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Corts cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristbal de Olid, Bernal Daz del Castillo. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the SpanishAmerican War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. [101], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations. Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. This is thought to have been the result of an increasingly harsh climate to the south, and the lack of a populous and sedentary indigenous population to settle among for the Spanish in the fjords and channels of Patagonia. Benedict. [citation needed]. "Questionnaires from the Trial of the Second Marqus del Valle for Conspiracy, 1566" in, Fernndez de Recas, Guillermo S. Cacicazgos y nobiliario indgena de la Nueva Espaa. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--, Identify the cities in the modern United States that were . Instituto Bibliogrfico Mexicano 1961, Gibson, Charles. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. [60] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. The second factor was the disease. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of Peru. Caeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. Spanish settlement in Mexico largely replicated the organization of the area in preconquest times while in Peru, the center of the Incas was too far south, too remote, and at too high an altitude for the Spanish capital. The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. [80], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramrez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes. [75], The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. The monarchy took most of it, and the rest was spread across lords and ladies. increasing colonial ties with English leaders in parliament. [158] A major production in Mexico was the 1998 film, The Other Conquest, which focuses on a Nahua in the post-conquest era and the evangelization of central Mexico. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. [15], Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and forced migration of enslaved Africans as a labor force. Spanish land in America was divided into small units, and each unit was run by a(n . [32] With a hostile indigenous population, no obvious mineral or other exploitable resources, and little strategic value, Chile was a fringe area of colonial Spanish America, hemmed in geographically by the Andes to the east, Pacific Ocean to the west, and indigenous to the south. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. how do I Define the term empire in the context of the Spanish conquest of South America? [140] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. Settlements/Geography Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. "Kurakas and commerce: a chapter in the evolution of Andean society." Leaving native people alone would not satisfy the blood lust of the Conquistadores, or the gold fever that drew them to want to take whatever they saw of value. [96][97] For the Andean area, there are an increasing number of publications as well. Western Venezuela's history took an atypical direction in 1528, when Spain's first Hapsburg monarch, Charles I granted rights to colonize to the German banking family of the Welsers. [30] South of the Bo-Bo River the Mapuche successfully reversed colonization with the Destruction of the Seven Cities in 15991604. The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. I think the Span, Posted 2 years ago. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. How did native people shape the course of Spanish conquest? It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. On 12 October 1492, Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus made landfall in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1493 permanent Spanish settlement of the Americas began.[4]. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. 84-85. Showing the indigenous sides are Xicotencatl, a leader of the Spaniards' Tlaxcalan allies, and Aztec emperors Moctezuma II and Cuitlahuac. Disease and overwork, disruption of family life and the agricultural cycle (which caused severe food shortages to Spaniards dependent on them) rapidly decimated the indigenous population. The Conquest of Michoacn: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 15211530. Portugal's claim to part of South America under the Treaty of Tordesillas resulted in the creation of Portuguese colony of Brazil. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. They replicated the existing indigenous network of settlements, but added a port city. During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. "Nicols de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_Espaa1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBushnell1981 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. Expeditions continued into the 1540s and regional capitals founded by the 1550s. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. Silver was the bonanza the Spaniards sought. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. parliament), administrative or ecclesiastical institution, or seigneurial group. Simmons, Marc, The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oate and the Settling of the Far Southwest, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, book title. A central plaza had the most important buildings on the four sides, especially buildings for royal officials and the main church. Direct link to louisaandgreta's post Illness played a much gr, Posted 2 years ago. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. Brown, Kendall W., "The Spanish Imperial Mercury Trade and the American Mining Expansion Under the Bourbon Monarchy," in, Van Ausdal, Shawn, and Robert W. Wilcox. Image credit: Columbuss discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. They were initially a scarce commodity, but horse breeding became an active industry. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. How did spain handle all the inflation? [161], The Mission was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaran in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. Charles revoked the grant in 1545, ending the episode of German colonization. Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital. So, the correct options that match the statements quoted above are A and B. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. As the indigenous populations declined, the need for corregimiento decreased and then suppressed, with the alcalda mayor remaining an institution until it was replaced in the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms by royal officials, Intendants. Las Casas was officially appointed Protector of the Indians and spent his life arguing forcefully on their behalf. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. Best was gold, but silver was found in abundance. Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. For all practical purposes, this was slavery. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. Viceroys served as the vice-patron of the Catholic Church, including the Inquisition, established in the seats of the viceroyalties (Mexico City and Lima). Direct link to #I'mBatman's post The lack of Gold and the , Posted 3 years ago. In the Caribbean, because there was no integrated indigenous civilization such as found in Mexico and Peru, there was no large-scale Spanish conquest of indigenous peoples, but there was indigenous resistance to Spanish colonization. Although during the rule of Charles V, the Spanish Empire was the first to be called "The empire on which the sun never sets", under Philip II the permanent colonization of the Philippine Islands made it demonstrably true. [118] In order to control the municipal life, the Crown ordered the appointment of corregidores and alcaldes mayores to exert greater political control and judicial functions in minor districts. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. There were also sub-treasuries at important ports and mining districts. The exchange did not go one way. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is . Put in chronological order the following events that happened during the Spanish exploration of North America. Zumrraga was reprimanded for his actions as exceeding his authority. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. The Spanish recognized indigenous elites as nobles and gave them continuing standing in their communities. From the Spanish viewpoint, their source of labor and viability of their own settlements was at risk. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.
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