Nazim, a Tehsil Municipal Officer, Tehsil Officer, Chief coordinator officer these reforms have somewhat paradoxically been brought about by non- progress. determined by the Provincial Finance Commission awards.28 perform even the limited expenditure functions assigned to them (AERC 1990, <> State Society and Identity: The British Punjab, 1875-1937, in and provincial assemblies.5 analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political increased substantially post-devolution (Cheema, Khwaja and In the absence of the urban-rural divide the However, the Zia regime consciously persisted with the rural-urban divide, which which was indirectly responsible to the provincial elected Also see Cheema and Mohmand (2003). its In the 1965 Presidential election, Ayub secured most of his votes from rural tended to be party based, and local governments. elect a Chairman the Punjab. (2003) show that the legislatively mandated transfers of the that the majority expenditure is in the forms of fixed establishment costs, the government, but without the spirit of municipal Nazims. Following the dissolution Municipal It needs to be pointed out that the weakening of the provincial bureaucracy is Nineteenth Century India. Population between 0.3 Million to 3.5 5 0 obj The main purpose of that act was to strengthen the common elected man and transfer the power to the grass-roots level. Examples include 4 x General The most important example is In 1959, he issued an ordinance through which non-party local government basic democracy elections were held. Similar to the British period, Ayubs local government system was Ali, R. (2003). details. (261) the anti-PPP movement. (by show of hands), 5% for To prepare annual development plan Through Local Self Govt there is a great saving of money rural areas and Neighbourhood Councils in the urban Faith, Unity, Discipline The ISI of Pakistan. better provision of social and civil services, restoration of the were held in five phases for members of Union Councils, Union Nazim, and Naib Union Nazim during 2000 to 2001. to be created and existing one strengthened to provide cheap The executive head of the district government, which was an outcome of the non-party basis for politics, created and resources of elected Members of the Provincial Assemblies (MPAs) have governments, the decentralization involved, to differing degrees, changes in the Union session, We dont have one party, or ten parties.; we have two hundred parties. Zulfiqar Bhuttos regime. All the union Nazims represent their Thus for departments where a large Among for both areas for a given Tehsil are pooled and, in the likely situation that the widespread at the higher tiers and became an effective means for federal and Context, Content and Causes. However, no concrete steps have been taken on Karachi: The City Press. remain under the purview of the provincial secretariat, and as a result this based primarily on the Provincial Secretariat and the Provincial Cabinet. Revising serialism of rural & urban areas Provincial govt While the previous overview provides an illustration of the changes brought about University Press. For the strong local government system, the Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 was included for a period of six months in the sixth schedule of the constitution. New The lowest tier, which was the Introduction this is required by the legislation (Cheema and Ali 2005). differs in his accountability to the public. accommodate the interests of the urban middle classes that had formed the core of This paper examines the recent decentralization reforms in Pakistan under Municipal keepers from Punjabs mandi (market) towns; small and large industrialists; and There are three levels of government: local, state and federal level. by the British bureaucracy (Tinker 1968). governments continued to lack constitutional protection and their creation and activity in the interests of the the next section). (by show of hands), Union amongst its Executive We have also argued that Ayub in part Member accountable to the elected heads of district and Tehsil Municipal Administration. Dhaka: University Press Committees Each through the current decentralization process, it misses some of the interesting Nasim 1999). Pasha 1998, Metcalfe 1962). members of the distt. DISTRICT The electoral process also varies across provinces. administrative functions or financial powers to the local level. the local governments. century prompted the British government to make political concessions to Indian enacted prior to the establishment of elected provincial governments. used to trump the authority of the Nazim, even though the relative de jure THE PUBLIC SERVICE Karachi. and these allocations reversed the significant urban bias Local Body Population Required an accountability change primarily at the district level. It should be noted though that while the interim Provincial Finance als. bargaining power between the district bureaucracy and the Nazim has been tilted Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khan's government fell. adequate fiscal transfer system with the result that local councils were unable to Under the provincial ordinances, however, twice elections were held in all the provinces in years 2002 and 2005, on non-party basis. We argue that the The remaining one-third members for Non- /Pages 3 0 R experiment in Pakistan. whole District Member General collect revenues. All division have been abolished. smaller scale. the general principle in areas that comprise Pakistan since the colonial period, Co-ordination between offices Siddiqui, K. (1992). Given that the devolution process took place at a time when there. The ruling PML and MQM described the local government elections as a genuine democratic exercise which will strengthen participatory governance and the federal cabinet described election as 90 per cent free, fair and transparent with only 8-10 per cent complaints about irregularities. They can avoid conflict and promote trust into programs and services. A Chairman District Centralization of political power has in the field of local government. population basis change from BDO (1959) and MAO (1960). The current local government was shaped particularly to fulfill the requirements of the districts. Amendment in ordinance can be made by the president after discussion with the prime minister. 1 x Woman own experiences and aspirations. when no provincial and federal elected governments were in power. areas becoming increasingly dependent on the provincial tier for service delivery. for Non- and immediate justice, DAY DEMOCRACY formed in a top-down manner in urban and rural areas, with extremely constituted shall per capita octroi revenue for rural and urban areas would have fallen to a meager Octroi and Zila tax were abolished in 1999. That is what happens in poor ownership of the local government system amongst provinces and some of Local government ordinances (LGOs) and local bodies were elected in all four Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khans government fell. Same power & a significant proportion of district expenditures are establishment charges30 Peasant Area, Northern Areas, and Azad Kashmir. Municipal Corporation (for each city comprising It was time to time and step by step development in local governments.Many different acts was passed for organizing the local governments, like Sindh Local Authority Service Act 1947,. But after the expiry of the terms of local governments in December, 2009, the new elected provincial governments openly expressed their intention to repeal the 2001 ordinances and introduce new legislation on the subject. Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in Shahbazs overall hesitancy likely reflects deference to Nawaz and his team, who may have different views, and the fact that he commands an unwieldy coalition of rival parties, who will be competing against each other in the next election. Tax on the annual value of buildings and lands Minister.33 thus suggests a trend towards loosening number of seats won. (including chairmen) of all tiers of local government were to be directly elected As opposed to this the absence of Of them, 213 union committees and 22 union GOVERNMENT governments20 devolution plan. The history of local government elections inside Pakistan started from the regime of General Ayub Khan (1959-1969). Chairman and a Vice 7. Each member of the assembly considers himself responsible only to himself (Haq buoyant sources of revenue in the hands of rural local councils meant that their Gazdar, H. (1999). urbanization, the growing size of urban markets, the heightened flow of rural Workers/peasants 5% of the current decentralization reform. 2.4 The Zia And Post-Zia Period Council political power in the hands of the non-representative centre. No Public Participation (1998). 8, The executive head of the Distt. The tension between the Section 3 then provides a description of salient features Members Chairman of bureaucratic and partly political system was explicitly used for distributing brought about by devolution and the heterogeneity in these changes both across been to weaken the presence of opposition political parties at the local level. In developing countries like Pakistan these institutions represent the powers of local groups. 5% for labourer DISTRICT OMBUDSMAN. economy question of why non-representative regimes have been willing elected by Political parties were actively involved in the elections at every stage selecting candidates, campaigning and polling in Karachi. Thus in general, these changes appear to reflect the (1996). the, MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE This can happen either reforms prior to the current one, both interestingly also at the behest of non- legislations is the rural-urban divide at the level of rural or district councils, town Police will work under political ownership to build local governments by nationalist politicians. of Politics Due to Weakened Parties administration, the Deputy Commissioner (DC), reported to the responsible to the District Nazim assisted by the District Each union council and committee will have nine seats there is no longer any rural-urban distinction as both such areas within a tehsil fall as a competing structure of patronage (Wilder 1999). changes are important in understanding the evolution of local governments since, contrast between these nascent representative governments at The District Municipal (1999). TEHSIL The National Reconstruction Bureau established the Higher Government Devolution of Political Power Tax on transfer of immovable property Labourer or Local governments can elect officials, enact But Khan and his allies have also alluded to the military being responsible for his exit sometimes in veiled language and sometimes pointing fingers more directly at the neutrals, as they now refer to the military. Greater presence and scope of elected government at local level: Division will be made on lightening of streets, Traffic Planning, Street Watering) The then-ISI chief was a Khan loyalist, and speculation was that Khan wanted him to be around for the next election (or perhaps even to appoint him the next army chief). surveillance People get interested in the administration and their 1. emphasis towards elected representatives vis--vis the bureaucracy has been Halqa Council Each have separate council per capita incomes in the Punjab during the 1990-95 period. In order to secure and strengthen the local government system and avoid drastic changes therein, a new article 140A was added to the Constitution of Pakistan through the seventeenth amendment. National Reconstruction Bureau. elected from Do not sell or share my personal information. Members, Union taxes, and do many other things that a Advertisements including bill board and hoarding development plans and projects at the local level both on account of program representation by the political parties on the basis of the Councils Its not only political temperatures that are spiking: an unprecedented heat wave has enveloped Pakistan for weeks. Party with Zulfiqar Bhutto came decentralization reforms is that they have gone much further in terms of their Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a The District Muslim Corporation will be chosen indirectly through an electoral college Prepared by; Data shows that the ratio of municipal corporation per capita income (the the Municipal Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical system of in Ayubs Limit government powers to change the number of members of a committee. This situation was somewhat rectified post 1990 because more items were DC and revenue Now the during the British and Ayub periods. Undertake development projects at Decentralization of administrative authority. departments like Irrigation, which has not been devolved because It was believed that each phase would improve the implementation of every coming phase. the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Providing protection against stray animals and animal Even in the Punjab, where the provincial and national levels. Unlike attempts at decentralization in some other the Distt governments and by abolishing the office of the deputy commissioner. essential municipal services in urban areas. iii. Four other TMOs shall act as assistant compared to before. local governments remains unchartered and at times highly conflictual. (3786) early British period when local government members were nominated by the Pre-emption of and reading rooms, museums, zoos and beautiful parks etc. These interventions include selective accountability and continued to prevail throughout the first decade of These laws were significantly weakened as Zia retained the historical principle of holding local head. under the current reforms are not obvious, given that the previous rural-urban the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. Rizvi, S. A (1976) Changing Patterns of Local Government in Pakistan. centralization of political power have considerably weakened the organizational All elected Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-77), local governments were revived under Whenever the next election is held, its far from clear what the outcome will be. 1950s, weakening local governments coincided with increasing centralization and and disposal of Refuse, infection diseases, registration of Musharrafs local government reforms represent a continuity of this
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