To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity. Geographic isolation, since the era of colonization and even before then, has significantly decreased in most areas of the world. x_1+3 x_2+2 x_3 & \leq 600 \\ Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Ethnicity - StudyStack Ethnicity is a term that describes shared culture the practices, values, and beliefs of a group. Language Development & Diffusion | What are the Most Spoken Languages? A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood. Shared geography, language, and religion can often, but not always, factor into ethnic group categorizations. Shared geography, language, and religion can often, but not always, factor into ethnic group categorizations. Smallpox, diphtheria, and measles flourished among indigenous American tribes who had no exposure to the diseases and no ability to fight them. a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race; One of the largest ethnic minorities in the U.S. A process in which a more powerful ethnic group attempts to remove a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. It is the lack of power that is the predominant characteristic of a minority, or subordinate group. In the New York metropolitan area, for instance, the black-white segregation index was seventy-nine for the years 20052009. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. federal states B. autonomous republics C. multistate nationsD. What are the most abundant natural resources in the United States and Canada? Most biologists, geographers, and social scientists have all taken an official position rejecting the biological explanations of race. With forced emigration, concentration camps, and mass executions in gas chambers, Hitlers Nazi regime was responsible for the deaths of 12 million people, 6 million of whom were Jewish. The Amish have since spread into the midwestern states as well, forming several ethnic enclaves across the U.S. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the minority group. Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. In light of a recent rash of break-ins, Zimmerman called the police to report a person acting suspiciously, which he had done on many other occasions. - Definition & Explanation, Principle of Conditioning: Definition & Explanation, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Why? BLM Goals, Accomplishments & History | What is the Black Lives Matter Movement? To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. A central challenge in clarifying the existence of an ethnic enclave presents when looking at the definition of ethnicity. The idea of race refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant, while ethnicity describes shared culture. For example, Vivien Thomas (19101985), the black surgical technician who helped develop the groundbreaking surgical technique that saves the lives of blue babies was classified as a janitor for many years, and paid as such, even though he was conducting complicated surgical experiments. Social scientists use segregation indices to measure racial segregation of different races in different areas. Ethnic enclaves are a unique pattern of spatial clustering, in which people of similar backgrounds live in a concentrated area instead of spreading out across an entire city or region. (In fact, many Japanese Americans continued to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States by serving in the U.S. military during the War.) Prejudice is not based on experience; instead, it is a prejudgment, originating outside experience. Enclaves in their current form first started to arise in the 19th century within industrial cities. Albert offers free AP Human Geography questions on every topic covered by the AP class and categorizes them by difficulty level. Term. AP Human Geography: Chapter 7 (Ethnicity), AP Human Geography Folk and Popular Culture T. | 15 Yes, the nation has many cultures, but they don't always melt into each other. In fact, the word ghetto originates from the Venetian term for the walled-off part of the city where Jews had to live. Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to racism is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members. Another way to apply the interactionist perspective is to look at how people define their races and the race of others. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. For example, if a white employer believes a black employee with a darker skin tone is less capable than a black employee with a lighter skin tone, that is colorism. This concept, of course, is problematic. Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. PDF Ethnicity - Alberto Vazquez Institutional racism refers to how racism is embedded in the fabric of society. Do you think race had any influence on the initial decision not to arrest Zimmerman, or on his later acquittal? On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. Language assimilation, in particular, can be a formidable barrier, limiting employment and educational options and therefore constraining growth in socioeconomic status. Chinese traders and business people have developed trading posts that evolved into more substantial settlements as time passed. Ethnic cleansing refers to methodical forcible removal of members of a certain ethnic, religious, or racial group from a given area, typically with the goal to make it ethnically homogeneous.. While they do contain people with a common heritage, the people generally do not live there by choice. This forces us to question just how voluntary all of these enclaves were. Create your account. Assimilation may lead to the loss of the minority groups cultural identity as they become absorbed into the dominant culture, but assimilation has minimal to no impact on the majority groups cultural identity. Sociologist Louis Wirth (1945) defined a minority group as any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. The term minority connotes discrimination, and in its social scientists use, the term subordinate group can be used interchangeably with the term minority, while the term dominant group is often substituted for the group thats in the majority. AP Human Geography Past Exam Questions - College Board Famed Interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group: Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. Institutional discrimination can also include the promotion of a groups status, such in the case of white privilege, which is the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group. The best example of a nation among the following is. - Definition, Examples & Types, Collective Behavior: Crowd Types, Mobs & Riots, What Is Civil Disobedience? There were allegations of racial profilingthe use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someonea national discussion about Stand Your Ground Laws, and a failed lawsuit in which Zimmerman accused NBC of airing an edited version of the 911 call that made him appear racist. Some of the worst acts by humans have been concerning ethnic cleansing and genocide. The 20th Century was also the deadliest century, regarding war, in human history. An ethnic enclave can be most simply defined as a high number of people from the same ethnic group within a geographic area, distinct from the people in the areas around them. An ethnic group can be described as a group of people who identify themselves as part of a group with a common heritage. Less geographic isolation results in the mixing of racial groups. These conditions give rise to a business community that can contain both supply and demand for goods and services from solely the ethnic group in that community. - Definition, Acts & Examples, Rebellion in Sociology: Definition & Examples, Social Movement Definitions: Alternative, Redemptive, Reformative & Revolutionary, Social Movement Stages: Emergence, Coalescence, Bureaucratization & Decline, Praxis English Language Arts: Content Knowledge (5038) Prep, ILTS Social Science - Geography (245) Prep, ILTS Social Science - Political Science (247): Test Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Family and Consumer Sciences (5122) Prep, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5235) Prep, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Test Prep & Practice, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5713) Prep, Praxis Chemistry: Content Knowledge (5245) Prep, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Help and Review, Abnormal Psychology: Homework Help Resource, The American Psychological Association: Definition, Divisions & Publications, What is Testosterone? While not an official demographic used or recognized by the United States Census Bureau, Appalachian Americans, due to various factors, have developed their own distinct culture within larger social groupings.Included are their own dialect, music, folklore, and even sports teams as in the case of the Appalachian League.Furthermore, many colleges and universities now grant degrees in . Ethnic Island. New York also had ethnic enclaves for immigrating Greek, Polish, Jewish, German, and Irish communities, amongst others. Which is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Heritage can include culture, religion, language, etc., but is frequently variably defined, making a clear definition elusive. Process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. De facto segregation, however, cannot be abolished by any court mandate. The concept of an ethnic enclave does imply some degree of choice, but we should acknowledge segregated communities that are formed without choice. Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes, President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, Teaching Kids About Money: Tips, Methods & Activities. As racial segregation was institutionalized after the end of slavery, African Americans often found themselves confined to certain neighborhoods. Social scientists measure the degree to which immigrants have assimilated to a new culture with four benchmarks: socioeconomic status, spatial concentration, language assimilation, and intermarriage. Voluntary enclaves are seen as generally positive as they usually result in stronger social capital, more employment opportunities, and a chance for familiar cultural interaction. Ethnic enclaves are seen to provide integration and economic mobility opportunities that would otherwise be more difficult to achieve and maintain. In modern times redlining is a practice that encourages segregation through policies restricting or denying benefits to certain groups of people or certain areas and has historically affected African Americans who were denied mortgages for homes. Particularly in the South, these neighborhoods became known as ghettos, as places of forced racial segregation. Discrimination also manifests in different ways. Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Geography, Chapter 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes, Chapter 4: Political Borders, Boundaries, and Governments, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. While Americans of the 19th century saw Italians, Greeks, Germans, and Hungarians as being culturally recognizable to some degree, immigrants from East Asia seemed to come from an entirely different world. North America: Human Geography - National Geographic Society When considering skin color, for example, the social construction of race perspective recognizes that the relative darkness or fairness of skin is an evolutionary adaptation to the available sunlight in different regions of the world. It is easy to see how someone living in the Northeastern United States, who may know no Mexican Americans personally, might gain a stereotyped impression from such sources as Speedy Gonzalez or Taco Bells talking Chihuahua. Genocide is a premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group. Experiences of people who come from a common ethnic background but live in different regions or ethnic backgrounds. The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenous region. Political Organization of Space - AP Human Geography - Varsity Tutors It was not until 1967s Loving v. Virginia that the last anti-miscegenation law was struck from the books, making these laws unconstitutional. Institutional discrimination occurs when a societal system has developed with embedded disenfranchisement of a group, such as the U.S. militarys historical nonacceptance of minority sexualities (the do not ask, do not tell policy reflected this norm). Social scientist, mile Durkheim calls racism a social fact, meaning that it does not require the action of individuals to continue. The treatment of aboriginal Australians is also an example of genocide committed against indigenous people. Race, in biological terms, refers to a socially constructed way to identify humans based on physical characteristics, resulting from genetic ancestry. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. To trace the movement of ethnic groups, what TWO things do geographers focus on? A 1970 documentary called Eye of the Storm illustrates how prejudice develops, by showing how defining one category of people as superior (children with blue eyes) results in prejudice against people who are not part of the favored category. small, usually rural and ethnically homogeneous enclaves situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The shooting, the public response, and the trial that followed offer a snapshot of the social constructs of race. Overt discrimination has long been part of U.S. history. Cultural traits; Identity with people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Make sure to remember your password. The first ghettos in America were founded to segregate Jews. While most white people are willing to admit that nonwhite people live with a set of disadvantages due to the color of their skin, very few are willing to acknowledge the benefits they receive. Cultural Ecology Origins & Overview | What is Cultural Ecology? What should you do if your ATM or debit card is lost or stolen? Check out this image appearing on your screen right now. Fortunately, many sites offer short quizzes on specific geography topics and regions. So, maybe the United States is more like a tossed salad. Thomas Brittner has been teaching and managing projects for 18+ years. This has happened many times in recent history including Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burma, Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Sudan, and now Syria. The strong presence of immigrants is reflected in present-day ethnic neighborhoods: the Cuban "Little Havana" in Miami, Florida, U.S.; the Somali "Little Mogadishu" in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.; the Korean "Koreatown" in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the North African "Little Maghreb" in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, are just a few. However, the primary cause of Native American death was neither slavery nor war nor forced removal: it was the introduction of European diseases and Indians lack of immunity to them. For example, the category Negroid, popular in the nineteenth century, evolved into the term negro by the 1960s, and then this term fell from use and was replaced with African American. This latter term was intended to celebrate the multiple identities that a black person might hold, but the word choice is a poor one: it lumps together a large variety of ethnic groups under an umbrella term while excluding others who could accurately be described by the label but who do not meet the spirit of the term. State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. In addition to WWI and WWII, this century experienced the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Cold War, and the first Gulf War. PDF AP Human Geography: Course Description - College Board Sadly, with all these ethnic conflicts, most were not officially declared as genocides by the United Nations Security Council, but the conditions on the ground and the reasons why they were occurring fit the definition. The farther they traveled, the more advanced their navigation became. The oldest is in Manila, Philippines, but there is also a significant population in Bangkok, Thailand. AP Human Geography Course - AP Central | College Board British exit lead to ethnic conflict and the creation of Pakistan. Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting that black people were fundamentally inferior to white and preferred slavery to freedom. The prevalence of ethnic enclaves is relatively recent and their general concept was first developed by Kenneth Wilson and Alejandro Portes in reference to Cubans in Miami during the early 1980s. Presidential Election of 1844: Issues, Candidates & Summary, Sequent Occupance, Acculturation & Assimilation: Definition & Examples, Distribution Patterns of Economic Activities, Agricultural Production Regions Associated With Bioclimatic Zones, Components of Effective Oral Language Instruction. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. An East African country of 12 million with its capital at Kigali; Site of a 1994 genocide in which the majority Hutu ethnic group attempted to murder all the minority Tutsi ethnic groups. In modern society, some people who consider themselves white actually have more melanin (a pigment that determines skin color) in their skin than other people who identify as black. In some countries, such as Brazil, class is more important than skin color in determining racial categorization. \end{aligned} However, this definition has also been adapted or clarified in various ways as researchers try to better understand the reasons behind the formation of ethnic enclaves. Zimmerman was not arrested until April 11, when he was charged with second-degree murder by special prosecutor Angela Corey. AP Human Geography Quiz Test 8 . In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an essential function in order to exist as long as they have. With genocide, the real intent is the death of a group of people at any scale possible until they are extinct. Understand what an ethnic enclave is, identify the causes of ethnic enclave formation, and see examples of ethnic enclaves in history. According to Zimmerman, Martin attacked him, and in the ensuing scuffle Martin was shot and killed (CNN Library 2014). Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Ethnicity - StudyStack Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements. There were also stark divisions between the religions of Christianity and Islam. Ethnic Cleansing History & Examples | What is Ethnic Cleansing The development of a new cultural trait as a result of the fusion of two distinct but interacting cultures. A stark example of de jure segregation is the apartheid movement of South Africa, which existed from 1948 to 1994. The success of ethnic enclaves depends on a variety of factors, both historical and present-day, and is connected to the formation of migrant networks.
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