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View Profile View Forum Posts . The classical antiquity brought new waves of colonisation across the Mediterranean. Ramesses III is not E1b1a - Ancient Egypt The first would be the Bronze Age Italic tribes from Central Europe, who in all logic would have possessed at least some E-V13 lineages before they invaded the Italian peninsula. Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages. E-M34 lineages experienced a much more dramatic expansion during the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) period. [15] It was impossible to determine his cause of death. The only Bronze Age migration that could account for such a fast and far-reaching dispersal is that of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. the migration of a small group of settlers carrying among whom one paternal lineage was much more common than any others. Genetic history of the Middle East - Wikipedia [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. These locations mainly cover West, Central-West, East, South-East and South Africa. Nature 1998; 394: 138140. found similarly low frequencies of basal E-U175* in subjects in the Ivory Coast and Benin. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. This marker was found in a single South African. Buccal swabs were collected from males >18 years old unrelated at the paternal grandfather level but otherwise randomly selected from 43 groups across sub-Saharan Africa (Supplementary Table S1, samples from Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon were included in Veeramah et al (2010)35 and from South Africa in Thomas et al (2000)36). 2018). The finer branches of the genealogical tree were associated with lower estimates of TMRCA (Figure 1). Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A : Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. Scozzari et al24 and Underhill et al25 found UEP (M2 and its analogues such as DYS271G) present at high frequencies specifically in sub-Saharan Africa and suggested this marker as a signature of EBSP. There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). This branch split from E1b1b during the late glacial period, approximately 14,000 years ago. The Phoenicians possessed a variety of paternal lineages reflecting the complex ancient history of the Middle East. Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba the Black Jews of Southern Africa. [29] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. [5] In Eritrea and most of Ethiopia (excluding the Anuak), E-V38 is usually found in the form of E-M329, which is autochthonous, while E-M2 generally indicates Bantu migratory origins. This data suggests that the fate of E-V13 was linked to the elite dominance of Bronze Age society. why EPF2431 is rare - eupedia.com Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66: 369378. All buccal swabs were collected anonymously with appropriate ethical approval and informed consent. However, out of 69 Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe, only two belonged to that haplogroup: one E-M78 from the Sopot culture in Hungary (5000-4800 BCE), another E-M78 (c. 5000 BCE), possibly E-V13, from north-east Spain, and a E-L618 from Zemunica cave near Split in Croatia from 5500 BCE (Fernandes et al., 2016). . Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 4362. But the history of the region is so complex that there might be many separate branches of E-V13 that each came with a different invasion (e.g. See Supplementary Table S4 for Guthrie classifications of all Bantu-speaking groups included in the analysis. Grard Lucotte et al. Bantu and European Y-lineages in sub-Saharan Africa. For comparison, the NRY haplotype diversity treating E1b1a as a single haplogroup ranged from 0.821 to 0.945, with the exception of Anuak who displayed a much lower diversity (h=0.516). CAS Although the battery of the NRY markers typed in UEP kits gives a relatively crude resolution of NRY haplogroups, the typing of four UEP markers within E1b1a considerably increases the resolution of NRY types associated with EBSP.32. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. Besides, E1b1b was not found in Neolithic Iran or Anatolia, and only showed up twice among the hundreds of Neolithic European samples that have been tested. Genome Res 1997; 7: 9961005. Sephardic Dominicans - Results | FamilyTreeDNA [30] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]. Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria. The African diaspora: mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade. de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M et al. John's father, Matthias Corvinus (1443-1490) was King of Hungary and Croatia, and disputed King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria. Pakendorf et al7 identify and provide evidence of greater complexity in the process of the EBSP as suggested by Alves et al33 and Montano et al.34. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 12551269. Of these lineages, the most common subclade is L2a, which is found in Africa the Levant and in the Americas.. Haplogroup L2 has been observed among specimens at the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).. Haplogroup L2a. This, we hypothesise, may shed light on routes taken during their expansion. (2016) tested the first ancient DNA samples from the Mesolithic Natufian culture in Israel, possibly the world's oldest sedentary community, and found that the male individuals belonged either to haplogroups CT or E1b1 (including two E1b1b1b2 samples). 1973) might belong to haplogroup E-V13. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. or even E1b1a(not to mention all the mtDNA L lineages found as well). Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. PDF The genetic history of the Israelite nation [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. E-M2 is especially common among indigenous Africans who speak Niger-Congo languages, and was spread to Southern Africa and East Africa through the Bantu expansion. Nat Genet 2000; 26: 358361. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Y-DNA Haplogroup E: E1b1b and E1b1a - Your DNA Guide Some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the Bantu expansion or other migrations. The K257 and Y4970 branch emerged around 3000 BCE and is found in Iran, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Greece, Italy and France, among others. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. The pooled frequencies of E1b1a component haplogroups, based on their geographic locations, are also shown in Figure 2. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Proto-Italics would have been a predominantly R1b-U152 tribe, but also carried a minority of E-V13, G2a-L140 (L13, L1264 and Z1816 subclades) and J2a1-L70 (PF5456 and Z2177 subclades). He belonged to the subclade E-M34. We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. Correspondence to Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. It is especially common among Berber populations all over Northwest Africa, including the Tuaregs. Hammer MF : A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes. like the Levant or the southern Arabian Peninsula could have served as an incubator for the early diversification of non-African uniparental haplogroup varieties like Y chromosome DE-YAP*, CF-P143* and mtDNA M and N . Alexander's conquest of the Middle East would have taken Greek male lineages much further afield, perhaps as far as Afghanistan and Pakistan, although only at trace frequencies. E1b1a1a1a is defined by marker M58. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. Due to the scarcity of full genomic sequences available from the Balkans, it is not yet clear when E-V13 expanded in that region. The outer and two inner fragments were amplified in a 10-l reaction volume containing 1l (1ng) of template DNA, 1.6l (50uM) dNTPs, 9.3nM TaqStart monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences Clontech, Oxford, UK), 0.13U of Taq polymerase (HT Biotech, Cambridge, UK) and outer and inner primers (see Supplementary Table S2 for primer details). Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. Pereira L, Gusmao L, Alves C et al. Google Scholar. The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1. Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P et al. Naser Ansari Pour. A combination of the two scenarios could provide an even better explanation. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66: 674686. E1b1a in the Levant? - YouTube Analysis of diversity and rough estimates of times to the most recent common ancestors of haplogroups provide evidence of multiple expansions along eastern and western routes and a late, exclusively eastern route, expansion. (2007) suggests that E-M78, E1b1b predominant subclade in Egypt, originated in "Northeastern Africa", with a corridor for bidirectional migrations between northeastern and eastern Africa (at least 2 episodes between 23.9-17.3 ky and 18.0-5.9 ky ago), trans-Mediterranean migrations directly from northern Africa to Europe (mainly in [25] Banza was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS668 and L3e3b1. [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. E-M2 is approximately 7.77.9% of total US male population. and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. The testing of ancient DNA from the Natufian culture (Mesolithic Levant) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant confirmed a high incidence of haplogroup E1b1b in that region. Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8*. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. This led to considerable confusion. [2] E-M329 is also frequent in Southwestern Ethiopia, especially among Omotic -speaking populations. Ashkenazi Jews have approximately 20% of E1b1b, which falls mostly under specific clades of E-M123. [25] Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2. A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula. The Carthaginians founded cities in Spain, including Carthago Nova (the New Carthage, now Cartagena in Murcia), but also in Sardinia and Sicily, where M81 is the most common today within Italy. Almost immediately afterwards, CTS5856 split into six subclades, then branched off into even more subclades in the space of a few generations. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 30005000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. L791 and Z21466 have a mostly European distribution today and their ages point toward a Neolithic diffusion. [22], At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE. Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia E-V13's presence in this culture would explain why modern Iranians and Kurds possess E-V13, in addition to R1a-Z93 and R1b-Z2103. Sardinia is also the only part of Europe where Bronze Age Steppe ancestry is virtually absent. The EBSP impact on African demography has, over the past decade, also been studied by analysing paternal and maternal sex-specific genetic systems (non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). J Afr Hist 1995; 36: 173195. Examples of founder effects include E-V12 in southern Egypt, E-V13 in the Balkans, E-V32 in Somalia, E-V65 on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and E-M81 in Northwest Africa. [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. It is likely that most E-V13 in the Middle East is ultimately of Greek or Roman origin, although some might have come with Bronze Age Indo-European migrations via Iran. In either case, it is likely that more M81 came into the Iberian peninsula during the Moorish period, when the Maghrebian Arabs conquered most of what is now Spain and Portugal, where they remained for over 700 years. There is an increasing evidence that the expansion was a more complex process than originally thought and that neither a single demographic event nor an early split between western and eastern groups occurred. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10: 92. Both could have brought different subclades of E-V13, and a founder effect or the phenomenon of elite dominance among the ruling invaders might have caused a fast growth of E-V13 lineage in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Greece. This page has been accessed 678 times. Approximately 20% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup E1b1b. M81 would first have spread with the Carthaginian elite, then once they were defeated by the Romans and annexed to the empire, their descendants would have been free to migrate to various parts of the empire from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and Iberia, some eventually reaching France and Britain. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. The Harvey Y-DNA Genetic Project managed to retrace the ancestry and identify the Y-chromosomal haplogroup of William Harvey (1578 -1657), the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart. They further observe that the lack of genetic data makes it premature to reach sweeping conclusions concerning the EBSP. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e16073. The Phoenicians would have spread E-M34 to Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Ibiza and southern Iberia. The distribution and age of E-V13 clades in central and western Europe are consistent with a dispersal by Hallstatt and La Tne Celts, Italic tribes (including a Roman redistribution) and the later influx of Germanic tribes, particularly the Goths, who may have assimilated additional Proto-Slavic E-V13 lineages in East Germany, Poland and Ukraine before entering the Roman Empire. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA et al. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. Future studies that examine variation in the NRY E1b1a clade in Bantu-speaking population groups representing the East African coast will help to further elucidate the late eastern EBSP. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. The descendants of L791, Y2947 and Y4971, only appeared around 3500 BCE, during the Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic period. The absence of E-V13 from Central Anatolia does not concord with a diffusion linked to Neolithic agriculture. Nowadays E-M81 is the dominant paternal lineage among Northwest Africans, and particularly Tuaregs, Mountain Moroccans, Tunisians and Libyans. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. However, since G2a is the only lineage that was consistently found in all Neolithic sites tested to date in Europe, the absence of Neolithic G2a lineages from Scandinavia and the Baltic implies that no Neolithic lineage survives there, and consequently E-V13 does not date from the Neolithic in the region. [13][14], At Xaro, in Botswana, there were two individuals, dated to the Early Iron Age (1400 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1c1a and L3e1a2, and another carried haplogroups E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880) and L0k1a2. In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Both of them carried the Y-chromosome haplogroup is E1b1b1a1b1a6a1c (E-V13 > CTS12223 > BY3880 > E5017 > CTS9320 > Z17264 > PH1173). Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9: 80. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) It might be linked to the expansion of the Kura-Araxes culture from the southern Caucasus to Anatolia and Iran. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 186061. A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. [25] Lima was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4671 and L3b3. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. E1b1a (L86.1) This mutation indicates that the population crossed the A1b1 dominated Grassland into the regions West of the great Lakes. The first Indo-European migration to Greece was that of the Mycenaeans from c. 1650 BCE. Last update February 2023 (famous members). For other uses, see. Did E1b1a mutate from E1b1b? And if it did - ProBoards Pakendorf B, Bostoen K, de Filippo C : Molecular perspectives on the Bantu expansion: a synthesis. According to the results, Canaanite ancestry is a mix of indigenous populations who settled the Levant (the region encompassing much of modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian . They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use.
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